By the end, the monkeys, rhesus macaques, got smarter and had superior memories as compared to the unaltered monkeys.The gene made the monkeys brain develop along a more human-like timeline.The gene-hacked monkeys showed better reaction times and improved short-term memories in comparison to their unaltered peers, as per China Daily.They said that a transgenic monkey model is practical and to a large extent can imitate the human-specific status.
Geneticist James Sikela told the MIT Technology Review, The use of transgenic monkeys to study human genes linked to brain evolution is a very risky road to take. It is a classic slippery slope issue and one that we can expect to recur as this type of research is pursued. It depends only on a couple of sugars at the ends of chain-like molecules that stick out from the red blood cell surface. Our interactive GLP global map explains the status of each countrys regulations for human and agricultural gene editing and gene drives. ![]() This may surprise many people as most are aware that even humans are not universally transfusion-compatible. Instead, humans are divided into blood groups that determine who can receive blood from whom without suffering a severe immune reaction that can be fatal. Thats because our immune system senses molecules on the surface of red blood cells and reacts aggressively to certain surface molecules, or markers, in an individual whose on red blood cells dont have the same kind. The main ones are the ABO and Rh antigens (the positive or negative seen after the more commonly known A, B, O types) and for people to receive blood products they must be appropriately ABO and Rh matched. It turns out, however, that the ABO and Rh blood groups are not limited just to human populations. They also apply to our close relatives in the animal kingdom, especially other primates. Indeed, Rh stands for rhesus, because it was identified on the red blood cells of rhesus monkeys before it was found on human red blood cells. And, since the ABO and Rh antigens are the most critical factors to match to avoid fatal transfusion reactions, it means that xenotransplantation from an ape is feasible theoretically. The blood group commonality between humans and other animals thus is not a new revelation, but this raises question of why xenotransfusion was not seriously decades ago. Humans also may still have some lingering superstitions about blood from non-humans that make xenotransfusion unpalatable. ![]() So, even while it might be no more trouble for an ape to donate blood than for a hen to lay eggs, the supply of ape blood would be fairly small anyway. Xenotransfusion research currently focusses on pigs, not apes, and its not just because pigs are abundant. Ape Gene Editor Plus Pigs CanSo is the typical red blood cell life span, the hemoglobin content and structure, and other factors, plus pigs can be genetically modified to produce red blood cells that are equivalent to human type O negative. As noted earlier, thats the universal donor blood, and this makes xenotransfusion sound very attractive, although, other ways to make O negative blood also beckon. Although there are frequent blood shortages, especially in summer, although the total amount of needed blood has been increasing because the population is growing along with the number of sophisticated surgical procedures (like organ transplants and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) that often require many units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and other blood products), the amount of blood consumed per capita may actually be starting to decline. That is because efficiency with blood products has increased, due to technological advances for storing blood and getting what we need from it. That fact that we only talk about blood products, such as PRBCs, platelets, or fresh frozen plasma (FFP), rather than whole blood shows how much weve advanced since the early 20th century, when transfusion meant taking blood from one individual and infusing it whole and unchanged into a recipient. ![]() If youre AB positive you can receive blood from nearly anyone in most cases, but your blood can be given only to people of your type. Blood products have a limited storage time before they must be discarded, the proportion of donors versus recipients is not the same for every blood group, and blood groups vary among populations. For these reasons, the very existence of the blood groups reduces efficiency of blood product utilization.
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